TONYA MOSLEY, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Tonya Mosley, and my guest today, Phil Klay, has written extensively over the years about the human cost of war by drawing on his experiences as a Marine Corps veteran serving in Iraq. His writing examines the moral complexities of combat, including the disconnect between soldiers and civilians. This Veterans Day, Klay is reflecting on the future of our military, from the policies we could expect from the incoming Trump administration to our nation's support of the wars in Gaza and Ukraine.
There's still a lot we don't know about Trump's plans, but throughout the campaign, he has given us a vision that could dramatically shift the role of our military in society. He's pledged to recall thousands of American troops from overseas and station them at the U.S. border with Mexico. He's also spoken about using troops to round up and deport undocumented immigrants and weeding out military officers who are ideologically opposed to him.
Phil Klay has written several books and short story collections, including "Redeployment" - for which he won a National Book Award in 2014 - which takes readers to the front lines of the war in Iraq, asking us to understand what happened to the soldiers who returned. His short essay collection, "Uncertain Ground," further examines the complex relationship between American society and its military engagements, arguing that most Americans are largely unaware of our ongoing conflicts and that disconnect has created a moral blind spot in American society. Phil Klay, welcome back to FRESH AIR.
PHIL KLAY: Thank you for having me.
MOSLEY: This is an important conversation to have and a big reason why we're talking to you, because you have spent quite a lot of time in your writing. It's the basis of your writing, thinking about the moral vision of America and why a military is important, what we should glean from our decision to fight or not fight. And I want to talk just for a moment before we delve into that about some of the promises that Trump has made. Now...
KLAY: Sure.
MOSLEY: Some of his preliminary plans for the military - we don't know all of them. But talk about some of the things you'll be looking for over the next few months and years once he becomes president.
KLAY: There are problems that happen in two different directions. So one is that he's the commander in chief and has wide latitude to use the American military in a variety of ways, and the past Trump administration showed that he was perfectly willing to lean into a politicization of the military in a partisan way - right? - and a willingness to push the military to try and get it to seem to be taking sides on incredibly divisive partisan issues. You know, bringing Mark Milley into Lafayette Square after they had cleared that square of peaceful protesters with tear gas was, you know, one instance that Milley later apologized for. You know, he would pardon more criminals and then use them at campaign events. Like both Democratic and Republican presidents, he's used the military as a backdrop for partisan speeches.
So there's a variety of things that he can do and a variety of ways in which he clearly has in the past shown a willingness to try and push the military to help him push a more partisan agenda, right? And that's bad, if not simply in terms of if you oppose the policies, but I think it's bad for eroding norms around the military, which are incredibly important. I mean, this is one thing, you know, we should talk about. This country was formed with this intense distrust of that erosion between military and civil power and what might happen if the military is sort of leveraged in that way.
At the same time, there's something that happens on the other side, which sort of Trump loyalists will complain about, where the military - and this is something that the military has done in Democratic and Republican administrations - when they are faced with orders that they disagree with or don't like. They will slow-roll those orders. They will try to find ways to get around what the civil authority wants them to do.
MOSLEY: Can you give us an example of this?
KLAY: Sure. So one of the most contentious areas was when Donald Trump tried to pull American troops out of Syria. We had troops there as part of the counter-ISIS campaign. He had decided that campaign was finished. He has always had isolationist instincts, and so he decided we should pull troops out. The military was very concerned, justifiably so, that if we pulled troops out, other actors will move in; there'll be chaos and violence. And that is - certainly those fears were justified. And so rather than finding a plan to execute exactly what the commander in chief wanted, they slow-rolled the plans. They pushed back as much as they could.
At one point, after the fact, Jim Jeffers, who was the State Department special envoy, admitted that they were playing shell games with the White House to not really let them know exactly how many troops we had in Syria. And ultimately, they reached a compromise where they kept some troops there to prevent a sort of complete collapse into chaos. And on the one level, in terms of policy, I'm very sympathetic to that.
I have been to refugee camps in northern Iraq. I've met, you know, I've been in a tent with a father. His wife is pregnant. He has two young kids who were at the time the same age as my kids. He's got pins all down his leg because he was injured in a rocket attack and had to flee his home in the wake of the partial withdrawal of American troops. And he felt deeply betrayed. He was Kurdish. He felt that Americans had used the Kurds to fight ISIS and then discarded them when it was no longer necessary.
You know, so I'm very sympathetic to the desire to not completely pull out of that region and leave those people to whatever might happen in the aftermath, something that could have undone a lot of the gains of the counter-ISIS campaign. And yet, at the same time, it's deeply disturbing when you have a military that, for however understandable reasons, is not fulfilling the orders of the person that the American people elected to tell them what to do.
MOSLEY: Can you just talk a little bit about the danger of pulling troops from many of the places that we have no understanding or idea where they're holding the line in those places to focus on domestic issues? It's something that - you've given a slight blueprint...
KLAY: Right.
MOSLEY: ...Of it happening on smaller scales during the Obama administration. But what Trump is promising, although vague, is pretty substantial.
KLAY: Here's the thing that I think needs to be said, because Trump's skepticism towards the American footprint abroad, and JD Vance's much more personally - because Vance, like me, is a veteran of the global war on terrorism - it doesn't come from nowhere. The skepticism that they have towards these very expansive visions of the American role in the world comes from two very dramatically failed wars that resulted in a lot of death.
So on the one level, I do understand a skepticism towards the American military presence abroad. I understand a skepticism towards the foreign policy establishment that is the author of a series of disasters, right? And I even understand the skepticism towards grand and lofty rhetoric about what we're doing around the world. When you look very closely at that, the reality does not always match the idealistic and selfless rhetoric, right? I understand all of those criticisms. And yet, at the same time, this is a dangerous world. When America leaves places, other actors move in, oftentimes very malign actors. And, you know, the example in Syria is just one. We have nations around the world that are seeking to press at the edges of an international order, right? You have Russia, which is, you know, engaged in a naked land grab in Ukraine. And it's actually extremely important that there are a system of alliances of likeminded countries who want to make that sort of behavior as costly as possible without escalating into global conflagration. And that requires engagement. It requires diplomatic finesse.
And it's just not enough to say that we can retreat to our borders and the rest of the world can go to hell. That's not realistic. I think that the American people actually do understand that. They understand that when there's horror and chaos abroad that that's not just a problem for other people, but that a chaotic world, a more dangerous world will ultimately be more dangerous for the safety and security of Americans.
MOSLEY: Let's take a short break. If you're just joining us, my guest is writer and Marine Corps veteran Phil Klay. We'll continue our conversation after a short break. This is FRESH AIR.
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MOSLEY: This is FRESH AIR. And today I'm talking to Phil Klay, Marine Corps veteran and winner of the National Book Award in 2014 for his book of essays titled "Redeployment," which takes readers to the front lines of the war in Iraq. His 2022 book of essays, "Uncertain Ground," is a collection of essays that examines the growing disconnect between American civilians and the military.
You know, in thinking about how the situation in Syria was handled during the last Trump administration, I was thinking about his cabinet. And we don't have a clear idea of how he will staff his cabinet, but the last time he was in office, he at least temporarily staffed it with senior generals. He appointed Jim Mattis, a retired four-star general, to head the Pentagon, and John Kelly his chief of staff. Two of his national security advisers were three-star generals. Does that in any way offer an indication of who could be informing him this next go round and having a flank of military experts that could be advising him?
KLAY: You know, I don't think so because all those generals ended up hating him.
MOSLEY: Yes.
KLAY: And he seems to have gone in thinking that he was going to appoint generals, and somebody with a nickname like Mad Dog Mattis was going to be a ruthless killer who also thought torture was great, rather than a military strategist who was acutely aware of the way that the moral stain of torture made the world more dangerous for Americans, and especially for American troops in Iraq. And so I don't think he's going to necessarily appoint the same type of people.
And indeed he, towards the later part of his administration, would do these events where he'd talk to, you know, the enlisted and tell them that the generals didn't know what they were doing, and he was on the side of the enlisted and the enlisted, he would claim, were on the side of him. And he would urge them to support his policies. And I would be surprised if that sort of thing didn't continue.
But also, there's been an increased politicization of military appointments, right? You know, you saw that with Tommy Tuberville - right? - holding up key military posts over policies that the military has no ability to implement. And so I think that this administration is going to be much more careful about what kinds of military leaders they're putting into positions of power. You know, a General Flynn is a very different type of military leader than Mattis or Jones, you know, people who have criticized...
MOSLEY: In what ways?
KLAY: I think that you will see much more effort to have partisans in positions of power and a push to have partisans not just at the highest levels, but at lower levels than ever before, because he was unsatisfied with the people that he had in the past, right? You know, everybody liked to talk about the adults in the room. But by the end of the first Trump administration, he'd fired the adults in the room. And he's looking for other sorts of people, presumably people who will be more willing to, you know, go with his whims.
MOSLEY: You know, I was also thinking about what could be seen as a potentially simplistic way to look at the military and what is a military person. I was thinking about the things Trump has said in the past, notably about late Senator John McCain. You know, we know that John McCain was a Vietnam War vet who was held captive for over five years in Vietnam. And Trump said that McCain was not a war hero because he allowed himself to be captured. Can you talk a little bit about the harm of that kind of language? Insulting to McCain, yes. But what messaging did it send to military men and women who serve about the understanding of their sacrifice?
KLAY: Well, this is one of many comments. I mean, from calling troops that died suckers and losers to, you know, denigrating the Medal of Honor at a ceremony for a donor. I don't think that Trump has a good understanding of a military ethic that prioritizes sacrifice, but also that prioritizes honor, right? The quintessential military hero is not necessarily the guy who kills a ton of people, though there are plenty of Medal of Honor recipients and recipients of major awards who have killed a lot of people. The quintessential military hero is the guy who jumps on a hand grenade and saves the lives of his buddies - right? - or in the Iraq War, Marines like Jordan Haerter and Jonathan Yale, who fired on a truck bomb coming towards their gate. And they died, but because they forced an early detonation, they saved the lives of the Marines behind them.
And there's this very important thing that people outside the military might not always get, especially if you're raised on a diet of this very kind of, like, aggressive, patriotic militarism which is all about lethality and killing and cruelty, right? But actually, a military needs an ethic to function. They need a code to be able to effectively work. I mentioned previously, when we started torturing people in Iraq, it was a disaster for us - militarily a disaster for us because it inspired contempt and hatred because we were not behaving morally. And inside a unit, you actually need people to behave with honor and integrity and selflessness for people to be able to trust each other, for a military unit to be able to work.
MOSLEY: Right. I mean, like, military leaders, as I understand it, kind of see themselves as responsible for the mission and the soldiers. So, for instance, if I was an officer and a mission I led failed, I would take responsibility and hold myself accountable. And that seems to trickle down to everyone to carry that responsibility for the greater good. But Trump, based on many of the things we've seen him do and the things he's said, is not built that way.
KLAY: No, he's not. And, I remember in 2016, I actually had the chance to ask him a question at a forum about, you know, what his military policy might be or, you know, what should have happened in Iraq. And he said, we should have taken the oil, right? And there's this sense that in the wake of this kind of messianic American exceptionalism that you had under George W. Bush, this retreat to, we just have to look out for our interests, you know? If we're going to wage wars, we should have just gotten something out of it, gotten some money out of it.
And JD Vance, who tends to articulate these things, you know, with a little bit more finesse in his convention speech said that - you know, he gave actually, I thought, quite a moving talk about the land where his family's buried, and then he said, you know, like, that's what people will fight for. People will fight for a homeland, but they won't fight for abstractions. You know, ideals and abstractions are nice, but they're not going to fight for them. And it was one of those moments that saddened me, actually. I mean, first off, it's flatly untrue. People do fight for abstractions. They fight for them all the time.
MOSLEY: They do fight for ideals.
KLAY: They do fight for ideals. And I don't think George Washington was lying about the fact that he had principles and that he thought they were worth fighting for. I do think that when Lincoln spoke of a nation conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal and that those ideals were what the men at Gettysburg had died for and that was our responsibility to ensure that they had not died in vain, I do not think that was a lie. I think those ideals are deeply important to people. I understand the cynicism. I understand it so well. But if you strip all of the ideals from America, what is the homeland that you're defending? It's just an incredible diminishment of our moral imagination, our sense of ourselves as Americans and what we can be.
MOSLEY: Phil, you've written quite extensively about this, but what made you join the Marine Corps, and what ideals drew you to service?
KLAY: Service to country was always important in my family, or service more generally. My father was in the Peace Corps. My mother was from a diplomatic family. Actually, my maternal grandfather accepted the Nobel Peace Prize on behalf of Henry Kissinger when he was ambassador to Norway at the time, which was a very contentious thing, as you can imagine. And then my mother worked in international medical aid for years.
And so I always had this sense that I wanted to serve the country. I originally thought that I was going to go into the State Department and become a diplomat. That's, you know, what I would have told you if you'd asked me when I was in high school. But I went to college September of 2001, and very soon, we were at war in Afghanistan, and then we were gearing up for war in Iraq. And it seemed that if I wanted to serve my country, that was the best way to do it, to join the military.
MOSLEY: Our guest today is writer and Marine Corps veteran Phil Klay. We'll be right back after a short break. I'm Tonya Mosley, and this is FRESH AIR.
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MOSLEY: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Tonya Mosley. And my guest today is writer and military veteran Phil Klay. Klay is a graduate of Dartmouth College and served in the Marine Corps in Iraq's Anbar province as a public affairs officer. He's written several books and short story collections that examine the moral complexities of war, including the story collection "Redeployment" and "Uncertain Ground." His novel "Missionaries" is about a group of Colombian soldiers preparing to raid a drug lord's safe house on the Venezuelan border. He hosts his own podcast called "Manifesto."
You served in the Marine Corps 2005 to 2009. And then in 2007, you were deployed to Iraq for 13 months, and you were a public affairs officer.
KLAY: Yes.
MOSLEY: How to be a citizen during war became this moral question for you. It's the basis of your writing. And I can imagine that those questions evolve with every single war.
KLAY: Yes.
MOSLEY: How are you reflecting on this moment? You talked about your support of - our support of the war in Ukraine. I'd like to know more about our support of the wars in Ukraine and Gaza in particular.
KLAY: I mean, I think that we have a responsibility to be engaged in American wars. And actually, Ukraine, to me, feels like it's a very straightforward case for support for the Ukrainians. They want to fight. They want our aid. They are - have been tremendously successful against incredibly difficult odds, fighting a much larger nation. And also, it's in our interest, Russia has been pushing back against an international order that benefits America, that is important for global security and global peace.
And also, I think setting the standard that the international community will not sit by while wars of aggression are going on is very important for the safety of the world writ large, right? If the world is open to 19th century-style land grabs from major nations without much pushback or consequence, that is a recipe for a lot more wars and a lot more danger and a lot more situations that can radically spin out of control.
I feel very differently about the Israeli war. I think that, especially if you look at the early phase of bombing, you see tremendous civilian casualties throughout the war. You have not seen the Israelis provide for humanitarian relief in Gaza, as you're required to do under international laws of war. There is very clearly, both when you look at the sort of overall numbers and also when you look at individual strikes, radically higher tolerance for civilian casualties than we would ever find acceptable when the American military is operating. And there doesn't seem to be much of a plan for long-term political settlement that might lead to peace - just sort of endless suppression.
And so I think that it is a tremendously morally fraught thing for us to be supporting Israel to the extent that we have with the limited pushback that we have. I am very concerned - that under the Trump administration, you know, I expect less pressure on Israel even than now, which I find insufficient.
MOSLEY: Can I have you read an excerpt from "Uncertain Ground"? That's your collection of essays about the relationship between society and the military. You have a chapter called "Tales Of War And Redemption," and it talks about faith.
KLAY: (Reading) A soldier may call out to God while in combat, but the experiences that caused him to do so might be the very ones that later cause him to abandon his faith altogether. What kind of God, after all, would allow any of the innumerable things that happen in a war zone? This old complaint takes on a particular urgency when you've seen children dying slowly after going through more pain than any human being should ever experience.
(Reading) It's not even a complaint unique to war experience. When the writer Aleksandar Hemon's daughter was diagnosed with a rare brain tumor, he and his wife spent the next few months desperately trying to save her as she was subjected to chemotherapy, brain surgery and rounds of drug treatments. She died anyway.
(Reading) The experience convinced him that the religious notion of suffering is somehow ennobling was a despicable lie. He later wrote, Isabel's suffering and death did nothing for her or us or the world. We learned none of the lessons worth learning. We acquired no experience that could benefit anyone. And Isabel most certainly did not earn ascension to a better place as there is no place better for her than at home with her family. Without Isabel, Teri and I were left with oceans of love we could no longer dispense. We found ourselves with an excess of time that we used to devote to her. We had to live in a void that could be filled only by Isabel. Her indelible absence is now an organ in our bodies whose sole function is a continuous secretion of sorrow.
(Reading) So, no, the most intense horrors of the world do not always lead to faith. There are plenty of atheists in foxholes, and some of them are atheists because of what they experienced in foxholes. It would be more accurate to say, as the Vietnam veteran Keith Nightingale has stated, that war leads less to faith than it does to a moment of choosing, faced with immeasurable human suffering, causing immeasurable human suffering, causing the deaths of other men, experiencing the highest reaches of terror, fighting side by side with men you love so passionately, you'd gladly give your life for them only to see them killed or maimed.
(Reading) All of this raises questions about the nature and purpose of life with an urgency that can't be held at bay by scrolling Twitter or turning on the television. Nightingale writes that the veteran thinks either, I have to believe in God, who got me through this night, or, I cannot believe in a God who would permit what I have just lived through.
MOSLEY: That was my guest, Phil Klay, reading from his 2022 book of essays, titled "Uncertain Ground." Phil, I want to know where you sit. What - how did serving in Iraq impact your faith?
KLAY: It's funny. I mean, I had a very safe deployment - right? - and also during a time when violence went tremendously down. So I left Iraq feeling like we succeeded, feeling like if you had the right strategy and the right metrics and data about, you know, human beings and different policies, you know, that you could solve things. I was very confident in human beings' ability to master the world in which they lived, and I gave up on faith.
And there was a time when I would have considered myself an atheist. And then as I began writing my first book and thinking very deeply about the war that I had been a part of and about the strategy that I had sort of felt so smugly triumphant about and also as Iraq was unraveling and the places that I had been through were going through yet another round of unbearable violence and suffering, I started going back to church, less from a place of firm certainty in human mastery and more in a sense of helplessness, a feeling of awe and horror at the mystery of the world.
MOSLEY: What have other veterans shared with you about finding their faith amidst or maybe because of the horrors of war?
KLAY: There's a veteran I know named Peter Lucier who has been involved in immigration issues, refugee issues, has been deeply involved in trying to get Afghans out of Afghanistan, people who worked with us whose lives were in danger. And, you know, he's part of a community of people who have really taken this on, atheists, believers and so on. And one of the people that he worked with said, you know, I'm trying to come up with a prayer to Virgin Mary because I don't know what to do. I don't know what to do to help the people facing just government dysfunction, extreme need and human suffering.
And he came up with a prayer for refugees based on Hail, Holy Queen. And he talked to me about this sort of Catholic tradition of just kind of facing suffering, suffering that might not necessarily be resolved, and might not be resolved by the prayer that you're praying. You know, there are prayers - this 88th psalm, which is a psalm which has almost no hope in it, doesn't have any hope in it, and yet it's still a prayer.
MOSLEY: Can you recite it?
KLAY: It's a remarkable psalm, and I've always been deeply moved by it, just as I'm moved by Christ on the cross saying, my God, my God, why have you forsaken me - right? - which is something that sounds like despair, and yet it is a quotation of the psalms. And yet it is a prayer, and thus something hopeful, but a hope that can't even articulate itself as hope because the situation is so dire. And I have always been moved by those passages of the Bible, by those sorts of prayers because if you spend a lot of time thinking about war, prayer will not save you. Being good will not necessarily save you. War kills the innocent and the good and the just as well as the wicked. And you need a religious experience and language to be able to articulate those moments.
This is the end of the 88th Psalm. From my youth, I've suffered and been close to death. I have borne your terrors and am in despair. Your wrath has swept over me. Your terrors have destroyed me. All day long, they surround me like a flood. They have completely engulfed me. You have taken from me friend and neighbor. Darkness is my closest friend.
And I think that one of the things that that style of religious engagement offers is the ability to still pray when you can't even articulate a vision of what you hope for and what you want to have faith will come before you and that allows you to keep moving.
MOSLEY: Let's take a short break. If you're just joining us, my guest is writer and Marine Corps veteran Phil Klay. We'll continue our conversation after a short break. This is FRESH AIR.
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MOSLEY: This is FRESH AIR. And today I'm talking to Phil Klay, Marine Corps veteran and winner of the National Book Award in 2014.
You know, so much of our imagination around what happens in combat comes from war films. And I'm just wondering if there are any films that you respect that you feel like have done a good job at exploring these difficult moral choices that people in the military confront.
KLAY: You know, it's funny because there are films that Marines love. Like "Full Metal Jacket" is one that, you know, if you talk to a movie critic, they'll tell you it's an antiwar film. Well, Marines love it, and R. Lee Ermey was given an honorary promotion to gunnery sergeant for all that he had done for the corps. And there are films that express certain things that, you know, if you're, like, a film critic, you might think, oh, this is terrible. And if you're a, you know, 20-year-old of the sort who might join the Marine Corps, you look at it and you say, all right. That's...
MOSLEY: Right, right.
KLAY: I want to be Joker, you know (laughter)...
MOSLEY: Yeah.
KLAY: ...From "Full Metal Jacket." There are a lot of films that get at different corners of military experience and that maybe I wouldn't necessarily endorse in their whole but nonetheless do show you something powerful, right? Veterans love to knock "The Hurt Locker" for many justifiable reasons, and there are all sorts of crazy stuff that happens in it. But there are moments that really do get a sense of, like, you know, driving through an Iraqi town, looking like an alien because you're covered in protective gear and, you know, sort of normal people on the street looking at you like you're an alien.
And actually, the other film that I had more problems with, in terms of the way that it depicted torture and its role, "Zero Dark Thirty." At the very end, where the SEALs kill bin Laden, you know, reminded me of a line from a Kenneth Koch poem, "To World War Two," where he says, as machines make ice, we made dead enemy soldiers. And that kind of, like, oddly almost industrial process, you know, the way in which warfare is a part of - you know, it's like a unit, and it's collective action. And that final scene actually did kind of oddly, in the almost sort of coldness and impersonality of how it was conveyed, did get at some of that.
MOSLEY: I'm really reflecting and sitting on the way you've characterized this new chapter that we're stepping into, your fears about the shrinking of the moral horizon under a Trump administration and the idea of patriotism, which you say should not be about blind allegiance but interrogating what we believe and having tough conversations and holding our leaders accountable. Do you have fears that we have lost sight of that idea?
KLAY: I think that there is far too much cynicism in our politics, and hopefully that cynicism in our politics doesn't bleed over too much into cynicism about our relationships with our fellow Americans of whatever political persuasion. I think that a certain amount of distrust is good. I think that cynicism is always false comfort, right? And despair is false comfort. The work of being an American is work. There was - you know, I was talking with a veteran - a military veteran named Ben Warmington (ph) about - you know, he was working on trying to get his - this Iraqi interpreter that he worked with a visa to, you know, come to America. And he's been involved in refugee resettlement as well.
And he said to me - he said, being an American is like being a Christian. If you don't put it into practice, you don't believe, right? And I think that there's this way in which, for me, I had a much more naive idealism, probably, when I was - well, certainly when I was 20, when I was 21, when I was joining the military and going overseas. And in many ways, that sense of America has been really changed. But the overriding love for the country and belief in what the country can be and love for American citizens has not changed.
You know, there's - in Derek Walcott's Nobel speech, he said, break a vase, and the love that reassembles the fragments is stronger than the love which took its symmetry for granted when it was whole. And I think that the job of being an American is recognizing all the times that we have shattered those ideals that we say, recognizing all the times that we have so grievously fallen from what we can be and then very carefully and painstakingly trying to put those pieces back together.
MOSLEY: What does it mean right now to support our troops, to truly support those who serve?
KLAY: Taking American wars seriously, paying attention, demanding more transparency about American wars, demanding more oversight, not accepting a partisan politicization of the military - punishing elected leaders who try to do that is, I think, actually really important - and maintaining skepticism and engagement but not pure cynicism.
MOSLEY: What is your relationship to Veterans Day? And how will you be observing it?
KLAY: Oh, well, I'll take my children to the parade. I will talk to them about service. They're young. So I'm not going to tell them everything that's in my books, but they know that I write about it. They know that I have respect for service of all types to the country and that I think that we all have an obligation to think about war, to think about how we're using the military and also to always be praying for peace.
MOSLEY: Phil Klay, thank you so much for this conversation.
KLAY: Thank you.
MOSLEY: Phil Klay, Marine Corps veteran and author of "Redeployment" and "Uncertain Ground." Coming up, critic at large John Powers reviews the new movie musical "Emilia Perez." This is FRESH AIR.
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